Common Offences Guide

Actus reus

• Assault: cause the victim to apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence (threat only — no touch required).
• Battery: intentional or reckless application of unlawful force to another (even slight — e.g. spitting, grabbing).
• Force must be unlawful — lawful authority or valid consent negates the actus reus.

Mens rea

• Intention to cause apprehension of immediate violence (assault), or intention/recklessness as to applying force (battery).
• Recklessness means the defendant foresaw the risk and went ahead anyway (subjective test).

Verified case law

• Fagan v MPC[1969] 1 QB 439

  A continuing act can satisfy the actus reus of battery where the defendant maintains a situation they created.

• Collins v Wilcock[1984] 3 All ER 374

  Not every touch is battery; force must be intentional or reckless and outside the scope of ordinary social contact.

• R v Venna[1976] QB 421

  Mens rea for battery is intention or recklessness as to applying force.

Common defences

Self-defence (s.76 CJIA 2008) · Consent (within lawful bounds) · Prevention of crime · Lawful arrest/resistance issues

Actus reus

• Common assault or battery (same actus reus as s.39) against an emergency worker acting in the exercise of functions as such a worker.
• "Emergency worker" includes police, fire, ambulance, NHS workers and others defined in the Act (and Sentencing Code s.68).

Mens rea

• Same mens rea as common assault/battery (intention or recklessness as to the assault/battery).
• No separate requirement to know the victim was an emergency worker for the basic offence elements — but status drives charging and sentencing.

Verified case law

• Fagan v MPC[1969] 1 QB 439

  A continuing act can satisfy the actus reus of battery where the defendant maintains a situation they created.

• Collins v Wilcock[1984] 3 All ER 374

  Not every touch is battery; force must be intentional or reckless and outside the scope of ordinary social contact.

• R v Venna[1976] QB 421

  Mens rea for battery is intention or recklessness as to applying force.

Common defences

Self-defence · Deny assault/battery · Consent (rare) · Challenge whether victim was acting as an emergency worker

Actus reus

• An assault or battery (see above) that causes actual bodily harm.
• ABH means more than trivial or transient harm — bruising, cuts, lost teeth, recognisable psychiatric injury (not mere fear/distress).
• Causation: the assault must have caused the harm (operating and substantial cause).

Mens rea

• Same mens rea as for the underlying assault or battery only — no need to intend or foresee ABH.
• If the prosecution proves intentional/reckless assault and ABH resulted, s.47 is made out.

Verified case law

• R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter[1992] 1 AC 699

  For s.47 OAPA, mens rea is that for common assault only; for s.20, subjective foresight of some physical harm is required.

• R v Chan-Fook[1994] 1 WLR 689

  Psychiatric injury can amount to ABH if a recognised clinical condition; mere fear, panic or distress is not ABH.

• R v Donovan[1934] 2 KB 498

  ABH must be more than transient or trifling harm.

Common defences

Deny assault/battery · Self-defence · Causation break (novus actus) · Consent (rare for ABH — see R v Brown)

Actus reus

• Wound: break in the continuity of the whole skin (both layers); or inflict/cause grievous bodily harm.
• GBH means really serious harm — includes serious psychiatric injury and serious permanent disability.

Mens rea

• Intention or recklessness as to causing some physical harm — need not be GBH-level harm.
• "Maliciously" requires subjective foresight of some harm (Cunningham recklessness), not Caldwell recklessness.

Verified case law

• R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter[1992] 1 AC 699

  For s.47 OAPA, mens rea is that for common assault only; for s.20, subjective foresight of some physical harm is required.

• R v Cunningham[1957] 2 QB 396

  "Maliciously" in the 1861 Act requires subjective foresight of harm (Cunningham recklessness).

Common defences

Deny causation · Self-defence · No foresight/intent for any harm (accident) · Intoxication (limited — basic intent)

Actus reus

• Wound or cause grievous bodily harm (as for s.20).

Mens rea

• Specific intent: intention to cause GBH, or intention to resist/prevent lawful arrest and GBH results.
• Recklessness is not enough for the main limb — the prosecution must prove purpose to cause really serious harm.

Verified case law

• R v Savage; DPP v Parmenter[1992] 1 AC 699

  For s.47 OAPA, mens rea is that for common assault only; for s.20, subjective foresight of some physical harm is required.

Common defences

Deny intent for GBH (only s.20 if recklessness as to some harm) · Self-defence · Deny identification · Voluntary intoxication may negate specific intent if supported by facts

Actus reus

• Make a threat to kill another person.
• Threat may be words, writing, or conduct conveying an intention to kill.

Mens rea

• Intention that the person to whom the threat is made would fear it would be carried out.

Common defences

No threat to kill (venting / hyperbole) · No intention that the hearer would fear it would be carried out · Deny making the words/conduct · Context of self-defence / heated dispute

Actus reus

• Dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another.
• Appropriation: any assumption of the rights of an owner (including where the owner consented if obtained by deception).
• Property: money, goods, land, things in action, etc. (s.4).

Mens rea

• Dishonesty (Ivey test): (1) ascertain the defendant's actual belief about the facts; (2) was the conduct dishonest by the objective standards of ordinary decent people?
• Intention to permanently deprive (or treat as own to dispose of) — borrowing may suffice if for the period and in circumstances making it equivalent to an outright taking (s.6).

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

• DPP v Gomez[1993] AC 442

  Appropriation can occur even where the owner consented if obtained by deception.

• R v Lloyd[1985] 1 QB 653

  Borrowing can amount to theft if there is intention to treat the goods as own to dispose of.

Common defences

Honest belief in legal right · Honest belief owner would consent · No intention to permanently deprive · No dishonesty on Ivey test

Actus reus

• Enter any building or part of a building as a trespasser.
• With intent to steal, inflict GBH, or do unlawful damage (s.9(1)(a)); OR having entered as trespasser, steal/attempt GBH/unlawful damage (s.9(1)(b)).
• Building includes inhabited vehicles/vessels (s.9(4)).

Mens rea

• Knowledge or recklessness as to trespass at time of entry.
• For s.9(1)(a): intent at time of entry; for s.9(1)(b): mens rea for the ulterior offence when inside.

Verified case law

• R v Walkington[1979] 1 WLR 1169

  Entering a part of a building beyond permitted areas can be entry as a trespasser if the defendant knew or was reckless.

• R v Collins[1973] QB 100

  Entry as a trespasser requires knowledge or recklessness as to lack of permission; mistaken belief in consent may negate trespass.

Common defences

No trespass (permission to enter) · No intent for ulterior offence (s.9(1)(a)) · Deny entry / identification · Inside building but not as trespasser

Actus reus

• Theft (s.1) plus force or threat of force immediately before or at time of doing so, or immediately after to secure the stolen goods.
• Force need not be substantial — a push or snatch with force can suffice.

Mens rea

• Mens rea for theft (dishonesty + intention to permanently deprive) plus intention to use force or recklessness as to whether force would be used.

Verified case law

• DPP v Gomez[1993] AC 442

  Appropriation can occur even where the owner consented if obtained by deception.

Common defences

Deny theft (honest belief, no appropriation) · No force or threat of force · Deny identification · Duress (rare)

Actus reus

• Otherwise than in the course of stealing, receive, retain, remove, dispose of or realise stolen goods (or arrange to do so), knowing or believing them to be stolen.

Mens rea

• Knowledge or belief that the goods are stolen.
• Dishonesty.

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

Common defences

No knowledge/belief goods stolen · Not dishonest · Goods not stolen (or no longer stolen) · Innocent receipt / returning to owner

Actus reus

• Not at place of abode, have with them any article for use in the course of or in connection with any burglary or theft.

Mens rea

• Intention that the article be used in the course of or in connection with burglary or theft (proof may be inferred from circumstances).

Common defences

Article for innocent purpose · At place of abode · No intention for use in burglary/theft · Deny possession of the article

Actus reus

• Knowing that payment on the spot for goods or services is required or expected, make off without having paid as required/expected.

Mens rea

• Dishonesty.
• Intent to avoid payment of the amount due.

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

Common defences

Honest belief payment arranged / would be paid · No knowledge payment required on the spot · Not dishonest · Did not make off

Actus reus

• Take a conveyance (other than a pedal cycle) for one's own or another's use without the owner's consent or other lawful authority; or, knowing it has been taken without authority, drive it or allow oneself to be carried.

Mens rea

• Knowledge that the conveyance was taken without consent/authority (for driving/being carried limb).
• No intention to permanently deprive is required (that would be theft).

Common defences

Owner consented / believed owner would consent · Lawful authority · Did not take/drive/allow to be carried · Thought vehicle was hired/borrowed with permission

Actus reus

• Commit TWOC (s.12) and, after the taking and before recovery, the vehicle is driven dangerously, injury is caused, or damage is caused to the vehicle or other property (see s.12A limbs).

Mens rea

• Mens rea for the underlying taking; additional elements depend on the charged aggravating limb (e.g. damage caused).

Common defences

No TWOC · No aggravating event after taking · Deny driving / presence · Challenge causation of damage/injury

Actus reus

• Destroy or damage property belonging to another (or own property with intent/endangerment as per s.1(2)–(3)).
• Damage need not be permanent — temporary impairment can suffice.

Mens rea

• Intention or recklessness as to destroying or damaging property.
• Recklessness is subjective: did the defendant foresee the risk and take it anyway (R v G)?

Verified case law

• R v G[2004] UKHL 50

  Criminal damage recklessness requires subjective foresight of risk; Caldwell objective recklessness does not apply.

Common defences

Lawful excuse (s.5 — e.g. belief owner would consent) · Accident (no recklessness) · Deny causation · Self-defence of property (limited)

Actus reus

• Possession of a substance controlled under the Act.
• Possession = custody or control — need not be on person (e.g. in home, car).

Mens rea

• Knowledge of possession of some substance (not necessarily knowledge of exact drug or quantity in all circumstances).
• In vehicle/house cases, knowledge/control must be linked to the defendant — mere proximity may not suffice.

Verified case law

• Warner v Metropolitan Police Commissioner[1969] 2 AC 256

  Statutory possession in a vehicle can be strict as to contents in defined circumstances.

• R v Kennedy (No 2)[2007] UKHL 38

  Causation principles for supply where the deceased self-administers drugs.

Common defences

No knowledge of possession · Drugs belong to another / planted · Not in custody or control · Lawful prescription (specific substances)

Actus reus

• Possession of a controlled drug (as for simple possession) with intent to supply it to another; or supplying / offering to supply (s.4(3)).

Mens rea

• Knowledge of possession plus intent to supply to another (social supply still counts).

Verified case law

• Warner v Metropolitan Police Commissioner[1969] 2 AC 256

  Statutory possession in a vehicle can be strict as to contents in defined circumstances.

Common defences

Simple possession only (no intent to supply) · No knowledge of possession · Holding exclusively for own use · Challenge quantity/role indicators

Actus reus

• Have with them in a public place any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed (except a folding pocketknife with cutting edge 3 inches or less), without good reason / lawful authority.
• Offensive weapon (PCA 1953): any article made, adapted, or intended for causing injury, possessed in a public place.

Mens rea

• Knowledge of possession of the article.
• For offensive weapon "intended" limb: intention to use for causing injury.

Common defences

Good reason / lawful authority (work, religion, legitimate recreational) · Not a public place · Folding pocketknife within exception · No knowledge of possession

Actus reus

• s.4: use towards another threatening, abusive or insulting words/behaviour with intent to cause fear of immediate unlawful violence, or so as to cause such fear.
• s.4A: use threatening/abusive/insulting words/behaviour with intent to cause harassment/alarm/distress, or so as to cause HAD.
• s.5: use threatening/abusive/insulting words/behaviour or disorderly behaviour within hearing/sight of person likely to be caused HAD (no intent required for the result).

Mens rea

• s.4: intent for first limb; recklessness as to causing fear for second limb.
• s.4A: intent or recklessness as to causing HAD.
• s.5: no mens rea as to causing HAD — but must intend/use the words/behaviour (or be reckless for disorderly behaviour).

Verified case law

• Brutus v Cozens[1973] AC 854

  “Insulting” under the Public Order Act 1936 (and successors) takes its ordinary meaning — whether reasonable persons would find the behaviour insulting.

Common defences

Reasonable excuse · No threatening/abusive/insulting character · Not within sight/hearing of likely victim (s.5) · Freedom of expression (Art 10) in context

Actus reus

• Use or threaten unlawful violence towards another, and the conduct is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for their personal safety.
• Where two or more persons, consider their conduct together. Threat cannot be made by words alone.

Mens rea

• Intend to use or threaten violence, or be aware that conduct may be violent or threaten violence.

Common defences

Self-defence / prevention of crime · No unlawful violence or threat · Conduct would not cause fear to person of reasonable firmness · Deny presence / participation

Actus reus

• Three or more persons present together use or threaten unlawful violence, and the conduct of them (taken together) would cause a person of reasonable firmness present to fear for personal safety.

Mens rea

• Intend to use or threaten violence, or be aware that conduct may be violent or threaten violence.

Common defences

Fewer than three persons using/threatening violence · Self-defence · No fear to person of reasonable firmness · Deny participation

Actus reus

• Dishonestly make a false representation (express or implied).
• Representation is false if untrue or misleading and the maker knows that or is reckless as to whether it is.
• Representation made to a device/system can suffice (s.2(5)).

Mens rea

• Dishonesty (Ivey test).
• Intent to make a gain for self/another or cause loss to another (or risk of loss).

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

Common defences

Honest belief representation true · No intent to gain/cause loss · Not dishonest on Ivey test · Civil dispute not criminal fraud

Actus reus

• Pursue a course of conduct (at least two occasions) which amounts to harassment of another (s.2), or stalking (s.2A — following, contacting, monitoring, loitering, interfering with property, watching/spying, etc.).

Mens rea

• Know or ought to know that the course of conduct amounts to harassment (objective element).

Common defences

Course of conduct for prevention/detection of crime · Pursuit under enactment · Reasonable in the particular circumstances · Deny course of conduct / identification

Actus reus

• Course of conduct that causes another to fear on at least two occasions that violence will be used against them (s.4), or stalking causing fear of violence / serious alarm or distress (s.4A).

Mens rea

• Know or ought to know that the course of conduct would cause such fear (or serious alarm/distress for s.4A).

Common defences

Did not cause fear of violence · Reasonable in the circumstances · Prevention/detection of crime · Deny course of conduct

Actus reus

• Do anything prohibited by a restraining order or non-molestation order without reasonable excuse (exact elements follow the governing statute and order terms).

Mens rea

• Knowledge of the order (or circumstances putting the defendant on notice) and intentional conduct amounting to breach — check the charged provision.

Common defences

Reasonable excuse · No knowledge of the order · Conduct outside the order's terms · Order not in force / wrongly served

Actus reus

• Drive or attempt to drive a motor vehicle on a road or other public place after consuming so much alcohol that the proportion in breath, blood or urine exceeds the prescribed limit.

Mens rea

• No need to prove knowledge of being over the limit — the offence is committed by driving/attempting to drive over the limit.

Common defences

Not driving / attempting to drive · Not a road or public place · Challenge specimen reliability / procedure · Hip-flask / post-driving consumption (narrow)

Actus reus

• Without reasonable excuse, fail to provide a specimen of breath, blood or urine for a laboratory test when required under s.7 in the course of an investigation into whether driving/attempting to drive offences were committed.

Mens rea

• The requirement and failure are factual; "reasonable excuse" (e.g. medical inability) is the usual battleground rather than a classic mens rea denial.

Common defences

Reasonable excuse (medical / genuine inability) · Requirement not lawfully made · Not the driver under investigation · Procedural defects in the requirement

Actus reus

• Drive a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other road users.

Mens rea

• Objective standard: fell below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver — no need to prove subjective foresight of harm.

Common defences

Driving met the competent careful driver standard · Sudden emergency / unavoidable accident · Mechanical defect without fault · Deny identity of driver

Actus reus

• Drive a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place — driving that falls far below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver, and it would be obvious to such a driver that driving in that way would be dangerous (see s.2A).

Mens rea

• Objective dangerousness test (no need to prove the defendant appreciated the danger), though awareness can aggravate sentence.

Common defences

Driving not far below the standard · Danger not obvious to a competent careful driver · Mechanical defect · Emergency / necessity (narrow)

Actus reus

• Having been released on bail, fail without reasonable cause to surrender to custody at the appointed time/place.

Mens rea

• Failure is proved by non-surrender; "reasonable cause" is the usual issue (illness, genuine mistake as to date/court, etc.).

Common defences

Reasonable cause for failure to surrender · Not given adequate notice of surrender details · Already in custody elsewhere · Administrative error

Actus reus

• Resist or wilfully obstruct a constable in the execution of their duty, or a person assisting a constable in the execution of their duty.

Mens rea

• Wilful obstruction (deliberate act making it more difficult for the officer to carry out duty) or intentional resistance.

Common defences

Officer not acting in the execution of duty · No wilful obstruction · Self-defence against excessive force · Accident / misunderstanding

Actus reus

• Dishonest appropriation of goods from a shop or stall belonging to another.
• Same Theft Act s.1 elements as general theft, in a retail/stall context.

Mens rea

• Dishonesty (Ivey test).
• Intention to permanently deprive.

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

• DPP v Gomez[1993] AC 442

  Appropriation can occur even where the owner consented if obtained by deception.

• R v Lloyd[1985] 1 QB 653

  Borrowing can amount to theft if there is intention to treat the goods as own to dispose of.

Common defences

Honest belief in right / consent · No intention to permanently deprive · Not dishonest · Goods paid for / left to pay

Actus reus

• Enter a building or part of a building that is not a dwelling as a trespasser.
• With intent to steal, inflict GBH or do unlawful damage (s.9(1)(a)), or having entered as trespasser, steal/attempt those offences (s.9(1)(b)).

Mens rea

• Knowledge or recklessness as to trespass.
• Intent for ulterior offence (s.9(1)(a)) or mens rea for ulterior offence when inside (s.9(1)(b)).

Verified case law

• R v Walkington[1979] 1 WLR 1169

  Entering a part of a building beyond permitted areas can be entry as a trespasser if the defendant knew or was reckless.

• R v Collins[1973] QB 100

  Entry as a trespasser requires knowledge or recklessness as to lack of permission; mistaken belief in consent may negate trespass.

Common defences

No trespass · No ulterior intent · Deny entry / identification · Permission to enter

Actus reus

• Commit burglary and at the time have with them a firearm, imitation firearm, weapon of offence, or explosive (Theft Act 1968, s.10).

Mens rea

• Mens rea for burglary plus knowledge of possession of the aggravating article.

Verified case law

• R v Walkington[1979] 1 WLR 1169

  Entering a part of a building beyond permitted areas can be entry as a trespasser if the defendant knew or was reckless.

• R v Collins[1973] QB 100

  Entry as a trespasser requires knowledge or recklessness as to lack of permission; mistaken belief in consent may negate trespass.

Common defences

No burglary · Article not a weapon of offence / firearm · No knowledge of the article · Deny presence

Actus reus

• Dishonestly use without due authority, or dishonestly cause to be wasted or diverted, any electricity.

Mens rea

• Dishonesty (Ivey test).

Verified case law

• Ivey v Genting Casinos[2017] UKSC 67

  The Ghosh test is no longer law; dishonesty is assessed objectively after establishing the defendant's actual belief about the facts.

Common defences

Authorised use · Not dishonest · No use/diversion by the defendant

Actus reus

• Make an unwarranted demand with menaces with a view to gain for oneself or another or with intent to cause loss to another (Theft Act 1968, s.21).

Mens rea

• View to gain or intent to cause loss.
• Demand is unwarranted unless the defendant believed they had reasonable grounds for making the demand and that use of menaces was proper.

Common defences

Warranted demand / proper menaces belief · No menaces · No view to gain / intent to cause loss · Deny making the demand

Actus reus

• Destroy or damage property by fire belonging to another (Criminal Damage Act 1971, s.1(1) and (3)).

Mens rea

• Intention or recklessness as to destroying/damaging property by fire (subjective recklessness — R v G).

Verified case law

• R v G[2004] UKHL 50

  Criminal damage recklessness requires subjective foresight of risk; Caldwell objective recklessness does not apply.

Common defences

Accident / no recklessness · Lawful excuse (s.5) · Deny starting the fire · Own property without endangerment issues

Actus reus

• Destroy or damage property by fire intending to endanger life or being reckless as to whether life would be endangered (s.1(2)–(3)).

Mens rea

• Intent to endanger life, or recklessness as to endangerment of life, in addition to damage by fire.

Verified case law

• R v G[2004] UKHL 50

  Criminal damage recklessness requires subjective foresight of risk; Caldwell objective recklessness does not apply.

Common defences

No intent/recklessness as to endangering life · No fire damage by defendant · Accident

Actus reus

• Make a threat to another to destroy or damage property belonging to that other or a third person (Criminal Damage Act 1971, s.2).

Mens rea

• Intention that the other would fear the threat would be carried out.

Common defences

No threat · No intention that hearer would fear it · Hyperbole / not taken seriously · Deny words/conduct

Actus reus

• Produce a controlled drug (MDA 1971 s.4(2)), or cultivate cannabis plant (s.6).

Mens rea

• Knowledge of production/cultivation of the substance (and for cannabis, knowledge of cultivation).

Verified case law

• Warner v Metropolitan Police Commissioner[1969] 2 AC 256

  Statutory possession in a vehicle can be strict as to contents in defined circumstances.

Common defences

No knowledge of grow/production · Solely for own use (mitigation / role) · Deny control of premises/equipment · Challenge quantity estimates

Actus reus

• Occupy or manage premises and knowingly permit or suffer production, supply, preparation for supply, or smoking cannabis etc. on the premises (MDA 1971 s.8).

Mens rea

• Knowledge of the prohibited activity on the premises.

Common defences

No knowledge · Did not occupy/manage · Took reasonable steps to stop activity · Deny the activity occurred

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.103 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.143 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Theft Act 1968, s.12A(2)(b) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Theft Act 1968, s.12A(2)(a) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s.35 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Offences Against the Person Act 1861, s.38 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Serious Crime Act 2015, s.75A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Serious Crime Act 2015, s.76 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, s.51 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Common law — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.3 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.2 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice Act 1988, s.160; Protection of Children Act 1978, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.66 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.67 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, s.33 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.15A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.15 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.9 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice Act 1967, s.91 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Public Order Act 1986, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, s.30 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.19 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.16A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, ss.327–329 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Animal Welfare Act 2006, s.4 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.3 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Public Order Act 1986, s.4A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Public Order Act 1986, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.103I — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.91 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, s.4 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.2B — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.2C — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.5A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.4(1) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.5(1)(b) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.170 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986, reg.110; Road Traffic Act 1988, s.41D — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, s.89 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.172 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Attempts Act 1981, s.9 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Malicious Communications Act 1988, s.1; Communications Act 2003, s.127 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Football (Offences) Act 1991; Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol etc.) Act 1985 (as applicable) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice Act 1988, s.139A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Prevention of Crime Act 1953, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.87 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Regulation of Railways Act 1889, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, s.167 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.7 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.61 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Modern Slavery Act 2015, ss.1–2 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Public Order Act 1986, Parts III and 3A (e.g. s.18 stirring up racial hatred) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Kidnap: take or carry away a person by force or fraud without their consent and without lawful excuse.
• False imprisonment: unlawfully and intentionally or recklessly restrain a person’s freedom of movement from a particular place.

Mens rea

• Intention to take/carry away (kidnap) or intention/recklessness as to the restraint (false imprisonment).

Common defences

Consent · Lawful authority / citizen’s arrest power · Deny the restraint or taking · Identification

Actus reus

• Commit an unlawful act that is dangerous in the sense that a sober and reasonable person would recognise the risk of some harm, and that act causes death.

Mens rea

• Mens rea for the base unlawful act; no need to foresee death.

Common defences

No unlawful act · Act not dangerous · Break in causation · Self-defence as to the base assault

Actus reus

• Breach of a duty of care owed to the deceased by a grossly negligent act or omission that causes death.

Mens rea

• Gross negligence — a risk of death that was obvious and a breach so bad it deserves criminal sanction (objective).

Common defences

No duty of care · Breach not gross · Death not caused by the breach · Reasonable care taken

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Coroners and Justice Act 2009, ss.54–55 (partial defence); manslaughter at common law — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Homicide Act 1957, s.2; manslaughter at common law — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Do an act that is more than merely preparatory to the commission of murder (Criminal Attempts Act 1981, s.1).

Mens rea

• Intention to kill (nothing less — intent to cause GBH is insufficient for attempted murder).

Common defences

No intent to kill · Act merely preparatory · Self-defence / defence of another · Identification

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Theft Act 1968, s.8 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Theft Act 1968, s.8 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Damage Act 1971, s.1(1) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice Act 1988, s.139AA; Prevention of Crime Act 1953, s.1A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.16 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, ss.17(2), 18 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968, s.21 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Firearms Act 1968 (transfer/manufacture provisions; check charged section) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 / Firearms Act 1968 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Theft Act 1968, s.12A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.3A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.3ZB — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.3ZC — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.1A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.3ZD — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.5A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.4(2) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.6(6) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.7(6) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Fraud Act 2006, ss.6–7 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Social Security Administration Act 1992 / Fraud Act 2006 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Fraud Act 2006 / Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Bribery Act 2010, ss.1–2 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.4 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.6 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.8 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.25–26 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.14 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.11–12 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.16–19 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.18–19 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.30–31 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.38–41 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.34–37 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.64–65 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.71 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.63 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.62 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, s.47 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.52–53 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.48–50 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 1956, s.33A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Modern Slavery Act 2015, s.4 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Modern Slavery Act 2015 (STPO/STRO breach provisions) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, ss.5, 7 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, s.8 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, s.11 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, s.12 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, ss.15–18 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, s.58 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, s.57 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2006, s.5 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2006, ss.1–2 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Explosive Substances Act 1883 (terrorism context as per guideline) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Terrorism Act 2000, s.38B — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sentencing Code (community order breach provisions) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sentencing Code (suspended sentence breach provisions) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014 / Sentencing Code (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.3 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.3 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.1 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, s.3A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 / Drugs Act provisions as charged — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Drugs Act 2005 (assessment provisions as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Criminal Justice Act 1988, s.141A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, s.13 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Animal Welfare Act 2006, s.34 / related breach provisions — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Hunting Act 2004 / related provisions as charged — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Licensing Act 2003 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Communications Act 2003, s.363 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994, s.29 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.47 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.14 / regulations — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.144A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Trade Marks Act 1994, s.92 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Food Safety Act 1990 / Food Hygiene Regulations (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Environmental Protection Act 1990 / related provisions (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.3 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.32–33 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.40–41 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, s.170 (controlled drugs context) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Animal Welfare Act 2006, s.9 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss.36–37 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.163 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.35 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Education Act 1996, s.444 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994, s.29 / related provisions — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.36 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.36 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.22 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations / Road Traffic Act 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.165 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.165 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994 / regulations (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) Act 1995, s.2 — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.15 / regulations — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Motorways Traffic (England and Wales) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Motorways Traffic (England and Wales) Regulations / RTA 1988 (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994 / regulations (as charged) — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.40A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi

Actus reus

• Conduct prohibited by Road Traffic Act 1988, s.40A — see the linked legislation for the full statutory wording.
• The prosecution must prove each element of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt.

Mens rea

• Mental element as required by the statute (or common law) for the charged offence — check the specific section.

Common defences

Deny actus reus · Deny mens rea · Statutory defence if available · Identification / alibi